1. Explain Model, View, and Controller in Brief

  • Model: Represents the data and the business logic of the application. It interacts with the database, retrieves, and stores information.
  • View: Responsible for displaying the data provided by the model. It represents the user interface of the application.
  • Controller: Handles user input and interaction. It processes incoming requests, performs operations on the model, and returns the appropriate view.

2. What are the Different Return Types Used by the Controller Action Method in MVC?

  • ViewResult: Returns a view.
  • PartialViewResult: Returns a partial view.
  • JsonResult: Returns JSON data.
  • RedirectResult: Redirects to a different URL.
  • RedirectToRouteResult: Redirects to a specific route.
  • ContentResult: Returns raw content (string).
  • FileResult: Returns a file download.
  • EmptyResult: Represents no result (no response).

3. Name the Assembly in which the MVC Framework is Typically Defined

  • The MVC framework is typically defined in the System.Web.Mvc assembly.

4. Explain the MVC Application Life Cycle

  • Application Start: The application starts, and configuration settings are loaded.
  • Routing: Incoming requests are matched against defined routes to determine the controller and action.
  • Controller Initialization: The controller that matches the route is instantiated.
  • Action Execution: The controller action method is executed.
  • Result Execution: The result of the action (usually a view) is rendered.
  • Response: The rendered HTML or other output is sent back to the client.

5. What are the Various Steps to Create the Request Object?

  • Filling Route Data: Matches the URL with the routes defined in RouteConfig.cs.
  • Request Context Creation: Forms a request context using the matched route data.
  • Controller Creation: Instantiates the controller using the request context.

6. Explain Some Benefits of Using MVC

  • Separation of Concerns: Different aspects of the application (input logic, business logic, and UI) are separated into different components.
  • Testability: Each component can be tested independently, improving testability.
  • Scalability: Applications are easier to scale due to the modular nature.
  • Flexibility: MVC architecture makes it easier to implement new technologies or patterns.

7. Explain in Brief the Role of Different MVC Components

  • Model: Manages the application data and enforces business rules.
  • View: Displays data from the model and sends user input to the controller.
  • Controller: Handles user input, updates the model, and selects the view to display.

8. How Will You Maintain the Sessions in MVC?

  • Sessions in MVC can be maintained using:
    • Session object: Stores data using key-value pairs.
    • Cookies: Store session data on the client side.
    • Query strings or hidden fields.

9. What Do You Mean by Partial View of MVC?

  • A partial view is a reusable component that renders a portion of a view. It does not have a complete HTML structure (e.g., no <html> or <body> tags) and is used to encapsulate reusable content.

10. Explain in Brief the Difference Between Adding Routes in a WebForm Application & an MVC Application?

  • WebForm Application: Routes are defined using RouteTable in the Global.asax.cs file.
  • MVC Application: Routes are typically defined in the RouteConfig.cs file within the App_Start folder, using the RouteCollection.MapRoute() method.

11. How Will You Define the 3 Logical Layers of MVC?

  • Presentation Layer: Includes the views that are responsible for the UI.
  • Business Logic Layer: Includes controllers that handle user input and business logic.
  • Data Access Layer: Includes models that interact with the database.

12. What is the Use of ActionFilters in MVC?

  • Action filters are used to implement logic that should be executed before or after an action method runs. Examples include authentication checks, logging, or error handling.

13. How to Execute Any MVC Project? Explain its Steps.

  • Step 1: Open the MVC project in Visual Studio.
  • Step 2: Set the desired project as the startup project.
  • Step 3: Build the project using Ctrl + Shift + B.
  • Step 4: Run the project by pressing F5 (debug mode) or Ctrl + F5 (without debugging).

14. What is the Concept of Routing in MVC?

  • Routing is a pattern-matching system that maps incoming requests to specific controller actions. It uses route templates defined in the application to determine how URLs are processed.

15. What are the 3 Important Segments for Routing?

  • Controller: Specifies which controller to use.
  • Action: Specifies which action method to invoke.
  • Parameters: Any additional values required by the action method.

16. What are the Different Properties of MVC Routes?

  • Name: The name of the route.
  • URL Pattern: The URL format associated with the route.
  • Defaults: Default values for segments that are optional.
  • Constraints: Restrict the values that segments can accept.

17. How is the Routing Carried Out in MVC?

  • When a request is received, the routing engine matches the URL against defined routes. If a match is found, it routes the request to the corresponding controller and action method.
  • You can use the Html.ActionLink helper to navigate between views.
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    @Html.ActionLink("Go to About Page", "About", "Home")
  • This creates a hyperlink that navigates to the About action of the Home controller.

19. Explain the 3 Concepts in One Line; TempData, View, and ViewBag?

  • TempData: Temporary data storage, persists across requests.
  • View: The user interface component that displays data.
  • ViewBag: Dynamic object for passing data from controller to view within a single request.

20. Mention & Explain the Different Approaches You Will Use to Implement Ajax in MVC?

  • Using jQuery: Send AJAX requests with jQuery’s $.ajax() method.
  • Using AJAX Helpers: Utilize built-in MVC AJAX helper methods like Ajax.BeginForm().
  • Using Fetch API: Use the modern JavaScript Fetch API for making AJAX requests.

21. How Will You Differentiate Between ActionResult and ViewResult?

  • ActionResult: A base class for all action results, allows returning different types of results (e.g., ViewResult, JsonResult).
  • ViewResult: A derived class of ActionResult that specifically returns a view.

22. What is Spring MVC?

  • Spring MVC is a Java-based framework used to build web applications. It follows the MVC design pattern and is part of the larger Spring Framework ecosystem.

23. Explain Briefly What You Understand by Separation of Concern.

  • Separation of Concern means dividing an application into distinct sections, each handling a specific aspect of functionality, reducing interdependencies and making it easier to manage, develop, and test.

24. What is TempData in MVC?

  • TempData is used to store temporary data that needs to be available across multiple requests, such as data used during a redirect.

25. Define Output Caching in MVC.

  • Output caching stores the content generated by the controller action, so subsequent requests for the same content can be served quickly from the cache without re-processing.

26. Why are Minification and Bundling Introduced in MVC?

  • Minification reduces the size of JavaScript and CSS files by removing unnecessary characters.
  • Bundling combines multiple files into one. Both improve performance by reducing the number and size of requests.

27. Describe ASP.NET MVC.

  • ASP.NET MVC is a framework for building scalable, standards-based web applications using the MVC design pattern, focusing on separation of concerns and providing a testable architecture.

28. Which Class Will You Use for Sending the Result Back in JSON Format in MVC?

  • The JsonResult class is used to send a JSON-formatted response back to the client.

29. Make a Differentiation Between View and Partial View?

  • View: Represents a complete HTML page. Includes layout and full HTML structure.
  • Partial View: Represents a segment of the page. Used for reusable components and does not include layout.

30. Define the Concept of Filters in MVC?

  • Filters allow executing code before or after specific stages in the request processing pipeline, such as authorization checks, error handling, or logging.

31. **Mention the Significance of NonAction

Attribute?**

  • The NonAction attribute prevents a public method in a controller from being treated as an action method. This is useful for helper methods that should not be accessible via URL.

32. What is Used to Handle an Error in MVC?

  • Errors in MVC can be handled using:
    • try-catch blocks within actions.
    • Global error handling with Application_Error in Global.asax.
    • Custom error pages defined in web.config.
    • Using exception filters like HandleErrorAttribute.

33. Define Scaffolding in MVC?

  • Scaffolding is a feature that automatically generates the code for CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) based on the model. It speeds up development by generating controllers, views, and model classes.

34. When Multiple Filters are Used in MVC, How is the Ordering of Execution of the Filters Done?

  • Filter execution order is determined by:
    • The order in which filters are applied.
    • Using the Order property of the filter attribute.
    • Global filters execute before controller and action-specific filters.

35. What is ViewStart?

  • _ViewStart.cshtml is a special view file that executes before each view. It is used to set common settings like layout for all views.

36. Which Type of Filters are Executed in the End While Developing an MVC Application?

  • Exception filters are executed last, allowing handling of unhandled exceptions raised during action method execution.

37. Mention the Possible File Extensions Used for Razor Views?

  • .cshtml for C# Razor views.
  • .vbhtml for VB.NET Razor views.

38. Explain Briefly the Two Approaches of Adding Constraints to an MVC Route?

  • Inline Constraints: Define constraints directly in the route definition.
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    routes.MapRoute(
    name: "Default",
    url: "{controller}/{action}/{id:int}"
);
  • Custom Constraints: Create custom constraint classes implementing IRouteConstraint.

39. Point Out the Different Stages a Page Life Cycle of MVC Has?

  • Application Start: Initialization of the application.
  • Routing: Matching incoming requests to route definitions.
  • Controller Initialization: Instantiation of the controller.
  • Action Execution: Execution of the action method.
  • Result Execution: Rendering the response (view or other result types).

40. Explain Briefly the Use of ViewModel in MVC?

  • A ViewModel is a model specifically designed for the view, containing only the necessary data and logic to display in the view. It may combine properties from multiple domain models.

41. Define Default Route in MVC?

  • The default route is a route defined to handle common patterns of URL structures, typically:
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    routes.MapRoute(
    name: "Default",
    url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
    defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
);

42. Explain Briefly the GET and POST Action Types?

  • GET: Used to request data from the server. It should not modify any state on the server.
  • POST: Used to send data to the server, often resulting in a change in server state.

43. What are the Rules of Razor Syntax?

  • Razor uses @ to transition from HTML to C#.
  • Code blocks are defined with {}.
  • Statements end with a semicolon ;.
  • Use @model to define the type of model passed to the view.

44. How Can You Implement the MVC Forms Authentication?

  • Configure authentication settings in web.config.
  • Use [Authorize] attribute on controllers or actions.
  • Use FormsAuthentication.SetAuthCookie() to sign in a user.

45. What are the Areas of Benefits in Using MVC?

  • Modular Development: Divides application into discrete components.
  • Maintainability: Easier to update and modify due to clear separation.
  • Testability: Components can be unit tested independently.
  • Scalability: Modular architecture supports scaling.

46. Point Out the Two Instances Where You Cannot Use Routing or Where Routing is Not Necessary

  • Static Files: Direct access to static files like images, CSS, or JS does not require routing.
  • WebForm Pages: In hybrid applications, WebForm pages do not use MVC routing.

47. How Will You Explain the Concept of RenderBody and RenderPage of MVC?

  • RenderBody: A placeholder in the layout file where the view content will be injected.
  • RenderPage: Renders another page inside a view or layout, useful for including reusable sections like footers or headers.